Izithuthi zombane ngoku zixhaphakile ezindleleni zethu, kwaye kwakhiwa iziseko zokutshaja kwihlabathi liphela ukuze zisebenzele zona. Zilingana nombane kwisikhululo sepetroli, kwaye kungekudala, ziya kubakho kuyo yonke indawo.
Nangona kunjalo, oku kuphakamisa umbuzo onomdla. Iimpompo zomoya zithulula nje ulwelo kwimingxunya kwaye bezisoloko zisetyenziswa ngendlela eqhelekileyo ixesha elide. Akunjalo kwihlabathi leetshaja ze-EV, ngoko makhe sijonge imeko yangoku yomdlalo.
Itekhnoloji yezithuthi zombane iye yaphuhliswa ngokukhawuleza ukusukela oko yaba yinto eqhelekileyo kwiminyaka elishumi edlulileyo okanye ngaphezulu. Ekubeni uninzi lwezithuthi zombane zisenomgama olinganiselweyo, abenzi beemoto baye baphuhlisa izithuthi ezitshaja ngokukhawuleza kule minyaka idlulileyo ukuphucula ukusebenza kwazo. Oku kufezekiswa ngokuphucula ibhetri, izixhobo zokulawula kunye nesoftware. Itekhnoloji yokutshaja ihambele phambili kangangokuba izithuthi zombane zamva nje zinokongeza amakhulu eemayile kumgama ngemizuzu engama-20 kuphela.
Nangona kunjalo, ukutshaja imoto yombane ngesi santya kufuna umbane omninzi. Ngenxa yoko, abenzi beemoto kunye namaqela oshishino bebesebenza ekuphuhliseni imigangatho emitsha yokutshaja ukuze banikezele ngombane ophezulu kwiibhetri zeemoto eziphezulu ngokukhawuleza.
Njengesikhokelo, ivenkile eqhelekileyo yasekhaya eMelika inokuhambisa amandla ayi-1.8 kW. Kuthatha iiyure ezingama-48 nangaphezulu ukutshaja imoto yombane yanamhlanje kwivenkile enjalo yasekhaya.
Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ii-EV charging ports zanamhlanje zinokuthwala nantoni na ukusuka kwi-2 kW ukuya kwi-350 kW kwezinye iimeko, kwaye zifuna izihlanganisi ezikhethekileyo kakhulu ukwenza njalo. Imigangatho eyahlukeneyo iye yavela kule minyaka idlulileyo njengoko abenzi beemoto befuna ukufaka amandla amaninzi kwizithuthi ngesantya esiphezulu. Makhe sijonge ezona ndlela ziqhelekileyo namhlanje.
Umgangatho we-SAE J1772 wapapashwa ngoJuni 2001 kwaye ukwabizwa ngokuba yi-J Plug. Isixhumi esineephini ezi-5 sixhasa ukutshaja kwe-AC yesigaba esinye kwi-1.44 kW xa siqhagamshelwe kwi-outlet yamandla eqhelekileyo yasekhaya, enokwandiswa ukuya kwi-19.2 kW xa ifakelwe kwisikhululo sokutshaja sezithuthi zombane esikhawulezayo. Esi sixhumi sidlulisela amandla e-AC yesigaba esinye kwiintambo ezimbini, imiqondiso kwezinye iintambo ezimbini, kwaye eyesihlanu luqhagamshelo lomhlaba olukhuselayo.
Emva kowama-2006, i-J Plug yaba yimfuneko kuzo zonke izithuthi zombane ezithengiswa eCalifornia kwaye yakhawuleza yathandwa eMelika naseJapan, yaza yangena nakwezinye iimarike zehlabathi.
Isixhumi sohlobo lwesibini, esaziwa ngumdali waso, umenzi waseJamani uMennekes, sacetywa okokuqala ngo-2009 njengendawo yokutshintsha i-SAE J1772 ye-EU. Uphawu lwayo oluphambili luyilo lwaso lwesixhumi esineephini ezi-7 esinokuthwala amandla e-AC esigaba esinye okanye amathathu, nto leyo evumela ukuba sitshaje izithuthi ukuya kuthi ga kwi-43 kW. Ngokwesiqhelo, iitshaja ezininzi zohlobo lwesibini zifikelela kwi-22 kW okanye ngaphantsi. Ngokufana ne-J1772, ikwanazo neephini ezimbini zezibonakaliso zangaphambi kokufakwa kunye nezasemva kokufakwa. Emva koko inomhlaba okhuselayo, i-neutral kunye nee-conductor ezintathu zezigaba ezintathu ze-AC.
Ngowama-2013, i-European Union yakhetha iiplagi zohlobo lwesibini njengomgangatho omtsha wokutshintsha i-J1772 kunye nezihlanganisi ze-EV Plug Alliance Type 3A kunye ne-3C ezithobekileyo kwizicelo zokutshaja i-AC. Ukusukela ngoko, isihlanganisi samkelwe kakhulu kwimarike yaseYurophu kwaye sikwafumaneka nakwiimoto ezininzi zemarike yamazwe ngamazwe.
I-CCS imele iCombined Charging System kwaye isebenzisa isixhumi "esidibanisayo" ukuvumela zombini i-DC kunye ne-AC charging. Ikhutshwe ngo-Okthobha ka-2011, umgangatho wenzelwe ukuvumela ukuphunyezwa lula kokutshaja kwe-DC ngesantya esiphezulu kwizithuthi ezintsha. Oku kunokufezekiswa ngokongeza ii-DC conductors ezimbini kuhlobo lwesixhumi se-AC esikhoyo. Kukho iintlobo ezimbini eziphambili ze-CCS, isixhumi se-Combo 1 kunye nesixhumi se-Combo 2.
I-Combo 1 ixhotyiswe ngesixhumi se-AC sohlobo 1 J1772 kunye nee-conductor ezimbini ezinkulu ze-DC. Ke ngoko, imoto enesixhumi se-CCS Combo 1 inokuqhagamshelwa kwitshaja ye-J1772 yokutshaja i-AC, okanye kwisixhumi se-Combo 1 sokutshaja i-DC ngesantya esiphezulu. Olu yilo lufanelekile kwizithuthi ezikwimarike yase-US, apho izixhumi ze-J1772 ziye zaxhaphaka.
Izihlanganisi zeCombo 2 zinesihlanganisi seMennekes esidityaniswe neekhontraktha ezimbini ezinkulu zeDC. Kwimarike yaseYurophu, oku kuvumela iimoto ezineesokhethi zeCombo 2 ukuba zitshajwe kwi-AC enye okanye ezintathu nge-Type 2 connector, okanye i-DC fast charge ngokuqhagamshela kwi-Combo 2 connector.
I-CCS ivumela ukutshaja kwe-AC kumgangatho we-J1772 okanye i-Mennekes sub-connector eyakhelwe kuyilo. Nangona kunjalo, xa isetyenziselwa ukutshaja kwe-DC fast, ivumela amazinga okutshaja ngokukhawuleza kombane ukuya kuthi ga kwi-350 kW.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba itshaja ye-DC fast ene-Combo 2 connector isusa uqhagamshelo lwe-AC phase kunye ne-neutral kwi-connector kuba ayifuneki. I-Combo 1 connector izishiya zisendaweni yazo, nangona zingasetyenziswa. Zombini ezi zakhiwo zixhomekeke kwiiphini ezifanayo zesignali ezisetyenziswa yi-AC connector ukunxibelelana phakathi kwesithuthi kunye ne-charger.
Njengenye yeenkampani eziphambili kwicandelo lezithuthi zombane, iTesla yazimisela ukuyila izihlanganisi zayo zokutshaja ukuze ihlangabezane neemfuno zezithuthi zayo. Oku kwaqaliswa njengenxalenye yenethiwekhi yeTesla yeSupercharger, ejolise ekwakheni inethiwekhi yokutshaja ngokukhawuleza ukuxhasa izithuthi zenkampani ngaphandle kwezibonelelo ezininzi okanye ezinye.
Nangona inkampani ixhobisa izithuthi zayo ngee-Type 2 okanye ii-CCS connectors eYurophu, e-US, iTesla isebenzisa umgangatho wayo wezibuko lokutshaja. Ingaxhasa zombini ii-AC single-phase kunye nee-three-phase charger, kunye ne-DC charger ekhawulezayo kwizikhululo zeTesla Supercharger.
Izikhululo zokuqala zeTesla zeSupercharger zazibonelela ngee-kilowatts ezili-150 ngemoto nganye, kodwa kamva iimodeli zamandla aphantsi kwiindawo zasezidolophini zazinomda ophantsi wee-kilowatts ezingama-72. Iitshaja zamva nje zenkampani zinokuhambisa amandla afikelela kwi-250 kW kwizithuthi ezixhotyiswe ngokufanelekileyo.
Umgangatho we-GB/T 20234.3 ukhutshwe yi-Standardization Administration yaseTshayina kwaye ugubungela izihlanganisi ezikwaziyo ukutshaja ngokukhawuleza kwe-AC kunye ne-DC ngaxeshanye. Nangona ingaziwa kangako ngaphandle kwemarike ye-EV eyahlukileyo yaseTshayina, ilinganiswe ukuba isebenza ukuya kuthi ga kwi-1,000 volts DC kunye ne-250 amps kwaye itshaja ngesantya esifikelela kwi-250 kilowatts.
Akunakwenzeka ukuba ufumane eli zibuko kwisithuthi esingenziwanga eTshayina, esenzelwe imakethi yaseTshayina okanye amazwe enamaqhina orhwebo nawo.
Mhlawumbi uyilo olunomdla kakhulu lwale port yi-A+ kunye ne-A- pins. Zilinganiswa nge-voltage ukuya kuthi ga kwi-30 V kunye ne-currents ukuya kuthi ga kwi-20 A. Zichazwa kumgangatho oqhelekileyo njenge-"low-voltage assistant power for electric vehicles which is supply by off-board chargers".
Akucaci ngokusuka kwinguqulelo ukuba yintoni kanye kanye umsebenzi wazo, kodwa zisenokuba zenzelwe ukunceda ukuqalisa imoto yombane enebhetri efileyo ngokupheleleyo. Xa zombini ibhetri yokutsala ye-EV kunye nebhetri ye-12V ziphelile, kunokuba nzima ukutshaja imoto kuba izixhobo ze-elektroniki zemoto azikwazi ukuvuka zinxibelelane netshaja. Izixhobo zokutsala azinakunikwa amandla okuqhagamshela iyunithi yokutsala kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zemoto. Ezi pini zimbini mhlawumbi zenzelwe ukubonelela ngamandla aneleyo okusebenzisa izixhobo ze-elektroniki ezisisiseko zemoto kunye nokunika amandla izixhobo zokutsala ukuze ibhetri yokutsala ephambili itshajwe nokuba imoto ifile ngokupheleleyo. Ukuba uyazi okungakumbi ngale nto, zive ukhululekile ukusazisa kwizimvo.
I-CHAdeMO ngumgangatho wokudibanisa ii-EV, ikakhulu kwiisicelo zokutshaja ngokukhawuleza. Ingafikelela kwi-62.5 kW ngesixhumi sayo esahlukileyo. Lo ngumgangatho wokuqala owenzelwe ukubonelela ngokutshaja ngokukhawuleza kwe-DC kwiimoto zombane (kungakhathaliseki ukuba zeziphi na izithuthi ezenziwe ngombane) kwaye ineephini zebhasi ze-CAN zokunxibelelana phakathi kwesithuthi kunye netshaja.
Lo mgangatho wacetywayo ukuba usetyenziswe kwihlabathi liphela ngo-2010 ngenkxaso yabenzi beemoto baseJapan. Nangona kunjalo, lo mgangatho uphumelele eJapan kuphela, iYurophu inamathele kuhlobo lwesibini kwaye i-US isebenzisa izihlanganisi ze-J1772 kunye neTesla. Ngaxa lithile, i-EU yacinga ngokunyanzela ukupheliswa ngokupheleleyo kweetshaja ze-CHAdeMO, kodwa ekugqibeleni yagqiba kwelokuba izikhululo zokutshaja zibe nezihlanganisi ze-Type 2 okanye ze-Combo 2 "ubuncinane".
Uhlaziyo oluhambelana nokubuyela umva lwabhengezwa ngoMeyi ka-2018, oluya kuvumela iitshaja ze-CHAdeMO ukuba zinike amandla afikelela kwi-400 kW, zidlule neekhonkco ze-CCS kweli candelo. Abaxhasi be-CHAdeMO babona intsingiselo yayo njengomgangatho omnye wehlabathi endaweni yokwahluka phakathi kwemigangatho ye-CCS yase-US neye-EU. Nangona kunjalo, ayizange ifumane ukuthengwa okuninzi ngaphandle kwemarike yaseJapan.
Umgangatho we-CHAdeMo 3.0 ubusenziwa ukususela ngo-2018. Ubizwa ngokuba yiChaoJi kwaye unoyilo olutsha lwe-7-pin connector oluphuhliswe ngentsebenziswano ne-China Standardization Administration. Unethemba lokunyusa izinga lokutshaja liye kwi-900 kW, lisebenze kwi-1.5 kV, kwaye linikezele ngee-amps ezingama-600 ezipheleleyo ngokusebenzisa iintambo ezipholisiweyo ngolwelo.
Njengoko ufunda oku, usenokuxolelwa ngokucinga ukuba nokuba uqhuba phi i-EV yakho entsha, kukho imigangatho eyahlukeneyo yokutshaja ekulungeleyo ukukubangela intloko ebuhlungu. Ngethamsanqa, akunjalo. Uninzi lweendawo zinengxaki yokuxhasa umgangatho omnye wokutshaja ngelixa zingabandakanyi ezinye ezininzi, nto leyo ebangela ukuba uninzi lwezithuthi kunye neetshaja kwindawo ethile zihambelane. Kakade ke, iTesla eMelika iyinto eyahlukileyo, kodwa ikwanayo nenethiwekhi yayo yokutshaja ezinikeleyo.
Nangona kukho abantu abasebenzisa itshaja engalunganga kwindawo engafanelekanga ngexesha elingafanelekanga, banokusebenzisa uhlobo oluthile lweadaptha apho bayidinga khona. Ukuya phambili, uninzi lwee-EV ezintsha ziya kunamathela kuhlobo lweetshaja ezisekwe kwiindawo zazo zokuthengisa, nto leyo eyenza ubomi bube lula kuye wonke umntu.
Ngoku umgangatho wokutshaja oqhelekileyo yi-USB-C
Yonke into kufuneka itshajwe kusetyenziswa i-USB-C, akukho nto ikhethekileyo. Ndicinga ngeplagi ye-100KW EV, eyiseti nje yezihlanganisi ze-USB C ezili-1000 ezixineneyo kwiplagi esebenza ngaxeshanye. Ngezixhobo ezifanelekileyo, unokukwazi ukugcina ubunzima bungaphantsi kwe-50 kg (110 lb) ukuze kube lula ukuyisebenzisa.
IiPHEV ezininzi kunye nezithuthi zombane zinomthamo wokurhuqa ofikelela kwiipawundi ezili-1000, ngoko ungasebenzisa itreyila ukuthwala uluhlu lweeadaptha kunye nee-converter zakho. I-Peavey Mart ikwathengisa ii-genny kule veki ukuba kukho amakhulu ambalwa ee-GVWR eziseleyo.
EYurophu, uphononongo lwe-Type 1 (SAE J1772) kunye ne-CHAdeMO aluyinaki kwaphela into yokuba iNissan LEAF kunye neMitsubishi Outlander PHEV, ezimbini zezona zithuthi zombane zithengiswa kakhulu, zixhotyiswe ngezi zihlanganisi.
Ezi ziqhagamshelo zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwaye azisuki. Nangona uHlobo 1 kunye noHlobo 2 zihambelana kwinqanaba lesiginali (okuvumela intambo yoHlobo 2 enokususwa ukuya kwiHlobo 1), i-CHAdeMO kunye ne-CCS azihambelani. I-LEAF ayinayo indlela yokwenyani yokutshaja kwi-CCS.
Ukuba itshaja ekhawulezayo ayisakwazi ukusebenza kwi-CHAdeMO, ndingacinga nzulu ngokubuyela kwimoto ye-ICE uhambo olude ndize ndigcine i-LEAF yam ukuze isetyenziswe apha ekhaya kuphela.
Ndine-Outlander PHEV. Ndisebenzise isici sokutshaja ngokukhawuleza se-DC izihlandlo ezimbalwa, ukuze ndizame xa ndinesivumelwano sokutshaja simahla. Ewe, ingatshaja ibhetri ukuya kuthi ga kwi-80% kwimizuzu engama-20, kodwa oko kufanele kukunike uluhlu lwe-EV olumalunga neekhilomitha ezingama-20.
Iitshaja ezininzi zeDC ezikhawulezayo azinaxabiso liphezulu, ngoko ke ungahlawula phantse kabini iindleko zombane eziqhelekileyo kwiikhilomitha ezingama-20, nto leyo engaphezulu kakhulu kunokuba ubuqhuba ngepetroli yodwa. Itshaja ngomzuzu nayo ayingcono kangako, kuba ikhawulelwe kwi-22 kW.
Ndiyayithanda i-Outlander yam kuba imo ye-EV igubungela lonke uhambo lwam lokuya emsebenzini, kodwa isici sokutshaja ngokukhawuleza se-DC siluncedo njenge-nipple yesithathu yendoda.
Isixhumi se-CHAdeMO kufuneka sihlale sifana kuwo onke amagqabi (igqabi?), kodwa ungazikhathazi nge-Outlanders.
I-Tesla ikwathengisa ii-adaptha ezivumela i-Tesla ukuba isebenzise i-J1772 (ewe) kunye ne-CHAdeMO (okumangalisayo ngakumbi). Ekugqibeleni bayiyekisile i-adaptha ye-CHAdeMO baza bazisa i-adaptha ye-CCS…kodwa kuphela kwizithuthi ezithile, kwiimarike ezithile. I-adaptha efunekayo ukutshaja ii-Tesla zase-US kwitshaja ye-CCS Type 1 ene-socket ye-Tesla Supercharger eyimfihlo ibonakala ithengiswa eKorea kuphela (!) kwaye isebenza kuphela kwiimoto zamva nje. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=584HfILW38Q
I-American Power kwaneNissan zithe ziyayiphelisa iChademo zikhetha iCCS. INissan Arya entsha iza kuba yiCCS, kwaye iLeaf iza kuyeka ukuveliswa kungekudala.
Ingcali ye-EV yaseDatshi uMuxsan uze ne-CCS eyongezelelweyo yeNissan LEAF ukuze ithathe indawo ye-AC port. Oku kuvumela i-Type 2 AC kunye ne-CCS2 DC ukuba zitshaje ngelixa kugcinwa i-CHAdeMo port.
Ndiyazi i-123, i-386 kunye ne-356 ngaphandle kokujonga. Enyanisweni, ndidibanise ezimbini zokugqibela, ngoko ke kufuneka ndizijonge.
Ewe, nangakumbi xa ucinga ukuba idibene ngokomxholo...kodwa kwafuneka ndicofe kuyo mna kwaye ndicinga ukuba yiyo leyo, kodwa inombolo ayindiniki lwazi konke konke.
Isixhumi seCCS2/Type 2 singene eMelika njengomgangatho weJ3068. Ityala elicetywayo lokusetyenziswa lelezithuthi ezinzima, njengoko amandla ezigaba ezi-3 enika isantya esikhawulezayo kakhulu. I-J3068 ichaza i-voltage ephezulu kune-Type2, njengoko inokufikelela kwi-600V phase-to-phase. Ukutshaja kweDC kuyafana neCCS2. IiVoltage kunye nemisinga edlula imigangatho ye-Type2 ifuna imiqondiso yedijithali ukuze isithuthi kunye ne-EVSE zikwazi ukumisela ukuhambelana. Kwi-current enokubakho ye-160A, i-J3068 inokufikelela kwi-166kW yamandla e-AC.
"E-US, iTesla isebenzisa umgangatho wayo wezibuko lokutshaja. Ingaxhasa zombini ukutshaja kwesigaba esinye se-AC kunye nesigaba sesithathu"
Yinqanaba elinye kuphela. Ngokusisiseko yi-plug-in ye-J1772 ekwisakhiwo esahlukileyo kunye nokusebenza kwe-DC okongeziweyo.
I-J1772 (uhlobo lwe-CCS 1) inokuxhasa i-DC, kodwa andikaze ndibone nantoni na eyisebenzisayo. Iprotokholi "engacacanga" ye-j1772 inexabiso elithi "Imodi yeDigital iyadingeka" kwaye "Uhlobo lwe-1 DC" luthetha i-DC kwiiphini ze-L1/L2." Uhlobo lwe-2 DC" lufuna iiphini ezongezelelweyo kwisixhumi esidibeneyo.
Izixhumi zeTesla zase-US azixhasi i-AC yesigaba esithathu. Ababhali bayayidida izixhumi zase-US nezaseYurophu, kodwa ezi zokugqibela (ezaziwa ngokuba yi-CCS Type 2) ziyayidida.
Kwisihloko esinxulumene noko: Ngaba iimoto zombane ziyavunyelwa ukuba zingene endleleni ngaphandle kokuhlawula irhafu yendlela? Ukuba kunjalo, kutheni? Ukuba sicinga ukuba yindawo engaqhelekanga (engavumelekanga kwaphela) yokusingqongileyo apho ngaphezulu kwama-90% azo zonke iimoto zisebenza ngombane, irhafu yokugcina indlela iqhubeka iya kuvela phi? Ungongeza oko kwixabiso lokutshaja uluntu, kodwa abantu banokusebenzisa iiphaneli zelanga emakhaya, okanye neejenereyitha zedizili 'zezolimo' (akukho rhafu yendlela).
Yonke into ixhomekeke kummandla. Ezinye iindawo zihlawulisa irhafu yepetroli kuphela. Ezinye zihlawulisa umrhumo wokubhalisa imoto njengentlawulo eyongezelelweyo yepetroli.
Ngaxa lithile, ezinye zeendlela ezihlawulwa ngazo ezi ndleko kuya kufuneka zitshintshe. Ndingathanda ukubona inkqubo efanelekileyo apho iifizi zisekelwe kwimayile kunye nobunzima besithuthi njengoko oko kugqiba ukuba ungakanani umonakalo owubeka endleleni. Irhafu yekhabhoni kwipetroli inokuba yeyona ifanelekileyo kwibala lokudlala.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Juni-21-2022
